澳彩开奖

Editor鈥檚 Note: This article was first published on Aug. 19 in , based in Spokane, Wash. The 11-day siege at Ruby Ridge began 20 years ago today, on Aug. 21, 1992. The author of this post covered the Aryan Nations and other extremist groups during his 37-year career as a reporter with The聽 Spokesman-Review.

Ruby Ridge.

Who would have thought 20 years ago this week that those two words would become an icon, a reference point in American culture?

More than a deadly siege in North Idaho that claimed the lives of a mother, her son and a federal marshal, the standoff at Ruby Ridge became a rallying point for the extremist movement and made Randy Weaver, the white supremacist at the center of the event, a hero to those groups. It also changed the way federal law enforcement handles standoffs with fugitives.

Historians and extremism experts offer varying assessments of the 11-day siege that was named Ruby Ridge after a mountain crest near Naples, Idaho, not far from the hand-built cabin of Weaver and his family.

It took years, including a congressional hearing in 1995, to sort out the sequence of events, and there are still points of disagreement.

But almost everyone - from antigovernment activists and racists to academics and historians - agrees that Ruby Ridge was a big deal, with lasting impacts.

The sparks of antigovernment anger that Ruby Ridge ignited in August 1992 grew much larger one year later when federal agents engaged in another siege in Waco, Texas. That event left four federal agents and 83 members of the Branch Davidian religious sect dead.

Those back-to-back events, experts generally agree, fueled the antigovernment movement that lingers today, erupting in occasional violence and deadly threats against law enforcement.

The events in North Idaho in August 1992 became "the opening shot in what would soon become a more or less open war between the American radical right and its government,'' said Mark Potok, a senior fellow at the 澳彩开奖 and editor of its "Intelligence Report," a magazine that tracks extremism.

Ruby Ridge was a "flashpoint" in U.S. history, Potok said, where "white-hot anger at the federal government finally ignited."

Historian and author Michael Barkun, a professor emeritus at Syracuse University, said Ruby Ridge was of "major significance" to right-wing extremists. "It confirmed the belief that they were at war with the federal government," he said.

"In their minds, other battles were to follow, such as Waco, and with them was generated a preoccupation with movement martyrs - again, a theme for which Ruby Ridge was one of the points of origin,'' Barkun said.

Mark Pitcavage, director of investigative research for the Anti-Defamation League, said Ruby Ridge must be considered alongside the Branch Davidian standoff.

"Had only one of those events occurred, the future might have been different,'' Pitcavage said. "Coming as they did as a one-two punch, they had tremendous ramifications that we still feel today."

The "one-two punch" not only help galvanize the white supremacist movement, it also re-shaped the so-called "patriot movement," a broad group composed of various antigovernment extremists, said Pitcavage, who holds a doctorate in American history from Ohio State.

Ruby Ridge and Waco together also became the "midwife" for the militia movement of the 1990s, he said.

"Waco, in a sense, provided people the ability to use Ruby Ridge symbolically without fear of association with white supremacy,'' Pitcavage said.聽 "Thus, Ruby Ridge and Waco together ended up not merely mobilizing white supremacists but a much larger section of the extreme right."

Heidi Beirich, director of the Intelligence Project at the 澳彩开奖, said Ruby Ridge "was the spark that ignited a social movement that exists to this day and has seen its numbers explode since the election of President Obama.''

The shooting of Randy Weaver's wife and son by federal agents "set off serious suspicions" of government agencies and law enforcement in the ranks of antigovernment activists, "creating a wedge that has only widened,'' Beirich said.

Beyond their cultural and political impacts, Ruby Ridge and Waco taught federal law enforcement embarrassing - some would say painful - lessons.

Louis J. Freeh, who replaced fired-FBI director William Sessions after the Waco siege, told Congress in 1995 that Ruby Ridge was "a series of terribly flawed law enforcement operations with tragic consequences."

"There was a trail of serious operational mistakes that went from the mountains of northern Idaho to FBI headquarters and back out to a federal courtroom in Idaho,'' Freeh said in congressional testimony.

Freeh ended "rules of engagement" that allowed FBI agents to shoot on sight - rules that he said were inconsistent with the FBI's deadly force policy. (That policy permits the use of deadly force only in the face of imminent death or serious physical injury to the officer or another person).

The FBI director also revamped the bureau's "crisis response structure" and disciplined 12 FBI employees after concluding none had committed any crimes or intentional misconduct.

"Ruby Ridge has become synonymous with tragedy, given the deaths there of a decorated deputy U.S. marshal, a young boy, and a boy's mother'' the FBI director said. "It has also become synonymous with the exaggerated application of federal law enforcement. Both conclusions seem justified,'' he said.

Wayne Manis, the FBI agent who took Weaver into custody after he surrendered, ending the 1992 standoff, said many details and facts surrounding Ruby Ridge have been distorted over the years to suit various antigovernment and racist agendas.

Weaver initially was arrested without incident by ATF agents and was released after promising a federal judge he would voluntarily appear at future court hearings. When he didn't, another judge issued a bench warrant for Weaver, assigning deputy U.S. marshals to re-arrest him. When one of those deputy marshals was fatally shot, the case was turned over to the FBI.

If Weaver would have come down from the mountain and appeared in court, as he promised he would do, the entire Ruby Ridge legacy would have never been born, Manis said.

The FBI, while admitting some missteps, "still took a lot of criticism that I think was unfair," said Manis, now retired and living in North Idaho.

Subsequent standoffs with antigovernment extremists - including the Montana Freeman in 1996 - would see more patience on the part of agents of the FBI and Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

"The events of Ruby Ridge, while by no means entirely the fault of the government, did not put law enforcement in a good light,'' said Potok, of the 澳彩开奖.

"Although the tragedy did teach some important lessons, it was not until the bloodless resolution of the 1996 standoff with the Montana Freemen that American law enforcement seemed to fully absorb the notion that it is often better to proceed with tact and caution than overwhelming physical force," he said.

His colleague, Beirich, agreed, saying law enforcement agencies have "learned to be careful with zealots." She cited the 12-year-old continuing standoff in Texas with John Joe Gray.

Part of a growing legion of so-called "sovereign citizens," Gray - like Weaver did in 1992 - refuses to acknowledge the authority of any government and continues to dare police to come and get him.

Gray and his family survive without electricity and modern plumbing on a 50-acre farm near Trinidad, Texas, about 70 miles southeast of Dallas. Armed associates help guard Gray on his property where a large garden, stream fish and goat herd support his family.

Unlike Weaver, whose bench warrant arrest was ordered by a federal judge, Gray faces state criminal charges and his arrest is an issue for the local elected sheriff. Grey was charged with assaulting a Texas state trooper on Christmas Eve 1999 and later jumped bail, refusing to show up in court, claiming he's a sovereign citizen over whom the government has no control. Four elected sheriffs later, authorities are still waiting him out.

At another standoff in 2007 in New Hampshire, Weaver - viewed as folk hero in antigovernment and extremist ranks - showed up to voice his support for convicted tax protesters Ed and Elaine Brown. The pair, later arrested by federal authorities and now in prison, had voiced anti-Semitic and pro-militia views.

These days, Weaver doesn't do interviews reflecting on Ruby Ridge, according to his daughter, Sara Weaver-Balter, who now lives in Kalispell, Mont. In an autographed copy of his book, "The Federal Siege at Ruby Ridge," sold used on Amazon for 99 cents, Weaver inscribed, "Freedom at any cost!" He still sells the book at gun shows and survivalist expos.

Weaver's daughter also declined comment about the long-term impacts of Ruby Ridge, saying she only wanted to talk about forgiveness, her conversion to Christianity and a book she's selling.

Since Ruby Ridge, federal law enforcement agencies now work closer together, mostly in regional joint terrorism task forces. For them, extremists - as evidenced by the recent mass killing in Wisconsin - still represent a real concern. So-called sovereign citizens - like the Browns - who think the government has no control over them are now considered the No. 1 domestic terrorism threat by the FBI.

A ramped-up response to the threat posed by extremists came after the 1995 Oklahoma City federal building bombing that killed 168 people. It was carried out by Timothy McVeigh who said he was motivated by events at Ruby Ridge and Waco.

"What the U.S. government did at Waco and Ruby Ridge was dirty, and I gave dirty back to them at Oklahoma City," McVeigh is quoted as saying in the book, "American Terrorist."

The government's response to such acts of deadly domestic terrorism has led to what some describe as a "militarization" of law enforcement at all levels, including federal agencies.

"For American extremists, the siege at Ruby Ridge symbolizes the 'militarized police state,'" said Daryl Johnson, a former domestic terrorism analyst for ATF and the Department of Homeland Security.

Johnson is the author of a soon-to-be released book, "Right Wing Resurgence," that addresses how, in his opinion, domestic extremist threats aren't being taken seriously enough at the highest levels in the U.S. government. He owns a private consulting firm, DT Analytics, that monitors domestic extremist activity and provides specialized training to law enforcement.

The U.S. government, through its Department of Homeland Security in particular, Johnson said, "has unintentionally fostered, and even solidified, Orwellian conspiracies concerning an overzealous, oppressive federal government and its perceived willingness to kill to ensure citizen compliance."

"In the minds of modern-day extremists, (Homeland Security) has enhanced the lethal capability of many under-funded, small-town police forces through its grant programs,'' Johnson said.

Using federal grants, state and local law enforcement agencies have been able to buy expensive equipment and training that are "commonly associated with the military," he said.

"Extremists view such a security build up as a continuation of the Ruby Ridge legacy,'' Johnson said.

That legacy is a continuing drumbeat for extremists and white supremacists who recruit with the message of "big government versus the little guy" and "the government set me up," Johnson said.

These extremist ideas continue as messages and even recruiting themes among various radical groups in the United States, he said.

In the past few weeks, various racist and white supremacy Web sites have mentioned the 20th anniversary, many calling Randy Weaver a hero.

"While many of us have lost loved ones in this war, Mr. Weaver goes down in history as one of our best,'' said one comment posted on Stormfront, considered the largest Internet hate site.

"I know one White man that has tremendous respect for what the family did on Ruby Ridge,'' the commenter said.